Shakespeares King Lear vs. Tuesdays with Morrie

Existentialism was in part a reaction to modernism, but its roots can be traced to ancient philosophical traditions ranging from Zoroastrianism and Judaism, Buddhism and Platonism (Flynn). The essence of existentialism is authenticity of experience, asking the philosopher to undergo deep introspection. However, existentialism is perhaps most famous for its probing questions about what Friedrich Nietzsche called the tension of the soul, (2). Known colloquially as existential angst, the tension of the soul, search for meaning and purpose in life has characterized personal and collective identity formation in the twentieth century. Books like Viktor Frankls Mans Search for Meaning is quintessentially existential in its approach to the authors coming to terms with his experiences in a Nazi concentration camp. Existentialism made its mark on the social sciences, and especially psychology. When psychology emerged as a discipline, Sigmund Freuds theories had a clear existential basis due to his emphasis on the death wish and the deeper realms of human consciousness and its phenomenology. Therefore, existentialism has had a tremendous impact on the evolution of Western society in the twentieth century and well into the 21st as well. Existentialism has impacted the questions philosophers ask as well as the methods used to answer those questions. For Nietzsche, god was dead; it was high time to direct human endeavors to the reaching of highest potential without the confines

The Forbidden Game The Kill Chapter 16 Free Essays

The elemental energy, the quicksilver brightness, was gone from Julian’s figure. Jenny was still holding his hand, but it suddenly seemed less substantial. She held tighter-and her fingers met. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 16 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Julian’s body was dissolving into mist and shadows. In a moment even those had disappeared. Just like that. Like smoke up a chimney. Jenny sat back on her heels. Then, slowly at first, but more quickly with each step, her friends gathered around her. Jenny felt Tom’s arms, and felt that he was shaking. She buried her head in his shoulder and held him as he held her. It was Audrey and Michael who were the most helpful in what had to be done next. There were a lot of practical things to be handled. Here in Pennsylvania the sun was just rising, and home in California it was 3:00 in the morning. Audrey and Michael went next door and woke the neighbors up and asked if they could use a phone. Then Audrey called her parents and woke them up, and asked if they could please wire some money. And Michael called his father and woke him up, and asked him to explain to everybody else’s parents that all the kids were safe. That was something for Jenny to hang on to, once Audrey and Michael had reported back. The thought that Michael’s father would be calling Mr. and Mrs. Parker-Pearson and telling them Summer was coming home. Michael’s father was a writer and slightly odd, but an adult, and therefore somewhat credible. Maybe they would even believe him. Jenny really couldn’t wait to see Summer’s little brother’s face. And she wanted to see her parents, too, and her own little brother. There were other things. Angela, P.C.’s almost-girlfriend, who would have to be told that P.C. was really and truly dead. And there would be the police to deal with again, and impossible questions to answer. But she couldn’t think about all that now. She was still thinking about Julian. Nothing died if it wasn’t forgotten-and she would never forget him. There would always be some part of him in her mind. Because of him, all her life she’d be more sensitive to the beauty of the world. To its-sensuality and immediacy. Julian had been a very immediate person. The most extraordinary person she would ever meet, Jenny thought. Whimsical, quixotic, wild-impossible. He had been so many things. Seductive as silver and deadly as a cobra. And vulnerable like a hurt child underneath it all. Like a hurt child who could strike out with lethal accuracy, Jenny thought as she watched Audrey moving slowly around the living room, tidying things. He’d hurt Audrey badly, and if he hadn’t quite killed Summer, it had been close. He’d let his Shadow Animals kill Gordie Wilson, who’d only been guilty of skipping school and killing rabbits. The truth was that Julian had probably been too dangerous to live. The universe would be a much safer place without him. But poorer. And more boring, definitely more boring. It was Summer who said the astonishing thing. â€Å"You know,† she said, after twisting around on the living room couch to see if the cab was coming, â€Å"Julian said the world was evil and horrible-remember? But then he proved himself that it wasn’t.† Jenny came out of her own thoughts and looked at Summer, amazed. That was it, exactly, of course. And that was why she could go on living, and even look forward to things. In a universe where that could happen, you had to go on living and hoping and doing your best. In a universe where that could happen, anything was possible. That was Julian’s real gift, she thought. But there was another one, too, and she saw it as she looked at the others. They had all changed-Julian had changed them. Like the rune Dagaz, the catalyst, he’d transformed everyone who met him. Audrey and Michael-look at them. They were walking around holding hands. Audrey hadn’t even bothered to put her hair up. Michael was patting her shoulder protectively. And Dee and Audrey had been enemies a month ago. After tonight, Jenny didn’t think they could ever be that way again. Zach, now-Zach was looking at Summer with puzzled interest in his keen gray eyes. Like a scientist who finds himself unexpectedly fascinated by a new form of flower. Won’t last a week, Jenny thought. But it was good for Zach to notice girls, just the same. To have a human interest, something besides his own imagination and his photographs. Julian had taught Zach that imagination wasn’t always better than reality. Summer is different, too, Jenny thought. She’s not half as muddled as she used to be. That’s why Zach’s staring. Now, Dee†¦ Jenny turned to look at her friend. Dee was sitting instead of pacing, with one long leg stretched in front of her. She was looking very thoughtful, her head bent, her thickly lashed eyes narrowed. Well, Dee was Dee, and would never change, Jenny thought lovingly. But she was wrong. As she watched, Dee looked up at her and smiled. â€Å"You know, I’ve been thinking. And I was thinking-it would mean a major change of plans, you see. It would mean a lot of studying, and I hate studying.† She stopped, and Jenny blinked, then leaned forward. â€Å"Dee?† â€Å"I’m thinking of maybe going to college after all. Maybe. I’m just barely entertaining the idea.† Dee had changed, too. â€Å"Aba would be happy,† Jenny said, and then she dropped it, because she was afraid that Dee would turn balky. Dee really hated being pushed. â€Å"It’s your own choice,† was all she added. â€Å"Yes, it is. Everything really is, isn’t it? Our own choice.† Jenny looked down at the gold ring on her finger, then clasped her other hand over it. â€Å"A lot is.† And Tom was different-the fact that Jenny was wearing that ring showed how different. He hadn’t said a word about it; she didn’t even think he minded. He understood. If he hadn’t, Jenny could never have been happy. As it was, she knew he wouldn’t hate her if she tried to dream Julian into a wonderful dream. He might not want to hear about it, but he wouldn’t be upset. He didn’t take her for granted anymore, and he didn’t need to be possessive, either. Jenny thought that maybe he had changed the most of all. Or maybe she had. â€Å"The cab’s here,† Michael said. â€Å"Okay, so first we have to go to the doctor†¦ .† He stared at a scribbled list. â€Å"No, first we go to the Western Union office, then the doctor,† Audrey said, taking the list from him. â€Å"Then-â€Å" â€Å"Then we eat,† Michael said. â€Å"Apres vous,† Dee said, gesturing them through the door. When Audrey hiked a copper eyebrow at her, she grinned. â€Å"I can throw those fancy words around, too. Bonjour. O solo mio. Gesundheit.† â€Å"D’accord,† Audrey said and grinned back at her. Zach and Summer went out. Jenny stopped for just an instant on the threshold, long enough to look back. The hallway was empty, the door to the basement was shut. That was good. If any adults would listen to Jenny, she would have them make sure that door was never opened again. She turned and went outside. As they headed for the cab, Michael said the kind of thing that only Michael could say. The kind of thing that came from having a science fiction author as a dad. â€Å"Look. What if-someday-somebody carved Julian’s name back onto that runestave?† he said. Tom stopped dead on the lush green grass for a moment. Then he started walking again, as Jenny put an arm through his. â€Å"Don’t even talk about it,† he said. â€Å"It’ll never happen.† â€Å"No, I guess not. Just as well.† And Jenny, her arm entwined with Tom’s, agreed -but, deep inside, some tiny part of her wondered. She couldn’t give in to the twinge of wistful sorrow she felt-she had a life to build. Things to consider. She couldn’t just follow Tom to college now. She had to find out what she wanted to do with herself. What do I like? she thought. Swimming. Computers. Cats. Helping people. Kids. Flowers. She didn’t know how she was going to put all those together-she’d have to find a way. After all, she was Jenny Thornton, her only master. But just before she got into the cab, she looked up at the Pennsylvania sky. It was so blue-a bluer blue than California skies ever were in the morning. A beautiful, luminous color that seemed filled with promise. If, someday, Julian should be reborn, she wished him well. [The End] How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 16, Essay examples

Corporate Governance & Ethics Rana Plaza Case Study - Sample

Questions: Part A In April 2013, the Rana Plaza garment factory collapsed upon its workforce, killing approximately 1,200 workers and injuring about another 2,000. The incident served to highlight the plight of low-paid Bangladeshi workers forced to work in dangerous conditions for the profit of big multinationals and shoppers in first world countries who want $2 shirts. 1. Investigate what happened at Rana Plaza and Identify the ethical issues involved. Explain whether these issues are particularly difficult or unique to multinational companies (MNCs). Part B 1. Continuing with the Rana Plaza case, investigate what has happened since for the people of Bangladesh, and whether the MNCs associated with Rana have done more to recognise and act upon their ethical obligations. 2. Describe the Role of social media for the workers of Bangladesh- Positive or quick Twitter Moment Answers: Executive Summary The report will be dealing with the collapse of Rana Plaza garment factory that killed a large number of workers and injured a several number of workers. This report has focused on the investigation of Rana Plaza and its findings along with the ethical issues that the MNCs claims to follow and adopt while doing business within the country or globally. In addition to this, the social media influence and pressure on the MNCs will also be discussed along with the positive role that social media played for the Bangladeshi workers. Introduction Workplace accident or occupational accident is a sudden and unplanned catastrophe that leads to the death and injury of a huge number of employees and workers. It may occur due to the fall or collapse of a business building, a sudden break out of fire, emission of harmful gases or due to electrical short circuits (Alpaslan and Schenck, 2014). This report will be dealing with the collapse of Rana Plaza garment factory on its workforce thereby killing nearly 1200 workers and injuring nearly 2000 workers. The collapse and fall of Rana Plaza building is considered to be one of the deadliest tragedy till date in the history of garment industry globally (Diermeier, 2014). This report will focus on the background of the factory along with the investigations and important findings and the ethical issues involved. In addition to this, the report will discuss about the role of the MNCs associated with this factory had done for strengthening the ethical obligations to the workers of Bangladesh. The role and the pressure of social media on the MNCs as well as the stakeholders are also discussed vividly. Part A 1. Background of Rana Plaza The building of Rana Plaza Garment Factory was an eight storied building nearly having 5000 employees, bank and several other shops. The building was owned by Sohel Rana who was a member of Jubo League as well as Awani League. The MNCs for which this factory manufactured apparels includes Mango, Primark, Wal-Mart, Joe Fresh, Benetton, Matalan, Monsoon Accessorize, El Corte Ingles and Bonmarche (Henniker, 2014). Investigations and Findings at Rana Plaza On 24th April, 2013, one of the largest disaster in the history of garment industry happened with the collapse of Rana Plaza Garment Factory killing several people and injuring the same. According to Duncan-Daston et al. (2013) a huge amount of workers worked in Rana Plaza for manufacturing the clothes and garments for the branded multinational companies and shoppers of US, Europe and Canada. The majority of the workers were young men and women who nearly worked for 90-100 hours in a week and only had two days off in a month. After working for several hours, the young helpers earned only $10.56 a week or 22 cents an hour whereas the senior sewers only received $12.48 in a week or more precisely 24 cents an hour. Generally these Bangladeshi people were forced to work for long hours at a very nominal cost. Apart from this, the building where these people worked that is the Rana Plaza factory building was very old and was in a very bad structure. Morad (2014) commented on the fact that it was investigated and found out that the building had big and dangerous cracks in its walls and was not at all a safe place to work. Moreover it was also found out that on 23rd April, 2013, the TV channels recorded the footages that clearly depicted the cracks and holes in the walls of Rana Plaza which resulted in the evacuation of the building. The shops and bank on the ground floor of the building was immediately closed but Sohel Rana asked his workers to return back to their work on the next day since the building was safe (Diermeier, 2014). It was found out through the investigation that on the very next day that is on 24th April, 2013 the workers refused to enter the garment factory since they were frightened of the large cracks that were clearly seen in the walls of the factory. According to Cavkoska (2014) Sohel Rana had to hire some local paid goons for beating up the men and women workers in order to force them to enter the factory. Moreover, the managers also frightened the workers that if they will not return back to work, they will not be paid for April and their wages will be withheld. This threatening forced the workers to reenter the factory building since they were poor and no money meant any food for them and their children. Further investigation and findings informed that at about 8:45 am the electricity went and the five generators of the factory were started. Immediately at that moment the workers felt that the building started moving and with a huge sound of explosion the building started falling down a nd later collapsed (Henniker, 2014). This collapse resulted in killing a huge number of workers and injured a good amount of workers with many of the workers still missing. After the collapse, it was also investigated and found out that according to Bangladesh Fire Service and Civil Defense that the upper four floors were built without permission and authorization. According to Rana (2013) the architect of Rana Plaza building told that the building was meant only for offices and shops and not at all for factories. The structure of the building was not potentially strong enough for bearing the weight as well as vibration of the large and heavy machineries. After the collapse, the Bangladeshi home minister confirmed that the fire service personals, police, army, and Rapid Action Battalion troops all were engaged in the rescue mission for rescuing the workers those who were still alive. Morad (2014) had commented that further investigation found out that the building was unauthorized built on a pond, the building which was meant for commercial purpose turned to industrial usage, the upper floors were built without permit and the construction material that was used for building was substandard. These factors lead to the collapse of the building of Rana Plaza garment factory leading to a historic disaster. Identification of ethical issues to the multinational companies that lead to the disaster According to Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) it is essential for the MNCs to follow the ethics, rules and regulations within the organization as well as outside the organization regarding trading with the suppliers. Kabeer and Mahmud (2004) had commented on the fact that the ethical issues are more or less similar to the MNCs and these companies are equally responsible to see whether the suppliers of the garment factory are bounded by the ethics of ETI. Alom (2012) also had a view that the multinational companies such as Mango, Primark, Matalan, Wal-Mart, Joe fresh, Bonmarche etc companies all suffered due to not considering the ethical issues that the Bangladeshi suppliers followed and trading with them. The ethical issues that needed to be considered by these MNCs before trading or continuing trading with Rana Plaza Garment Factory are discussed below- People are free to choose their employment- According to the International Labor organization; the people are free to choose their employment. Moreover no one can force the people to get involved in the kind of employment where they do not want to get indulged. But, in Rana Plaza factory, according to Alpaslan and Schenck (2014) there was no such rules that the company head used to follow for the workers. The workers were a kind of bonded labors in the factory and were neither paid well nor were given proper leaves and were bound to work for several hours. This was an unethical practice which never came into the notice of the MNCs who were trading with the factory. Due to which the factory head never bothered to change the rules and the workers were forced to work irrespective of their choices. Duncan-Daston et al. (2013) added that before the collapse of Rana Plaza, initially the workers never wanted to enter the building after seeing the cracks but were threatened and beaten for en tering the factory. If the MNCs used to follow the ethical rules and warned the factory head to follow the ethics, then maybe the mishap could have been avoided. Working conditions need to be safe as well as hygienic- According to Kabeer and Mahmud (2004) it was investigated and found that the working condition within the factory was not at all safe. The building was initially built for the commercial purpose and shops which later turned into industrial purpose. Moreover the materials used for construction were of inferior qualities that lead to the collapse of the building. It was the responsibility and under the ethics of the MNCs to check whether their suppliers are maintaining a safe and hygienic workplace or not. Cavkoska (2014) commented that the building of Rana Plaza was built without permit and the upper floors were also built without proper authorization. After seeing the cracks in the walls of the factory, steps were not taken to mend it rather the workers were forced to go inside the factory for working that lead to the death of many workers when the building collapsed. Limited working hours- According to Kabeer and Mahmud (2004) it was found out that there were no fixed working hours for the workers of Bangladesh. They were treated somewhat like a bonded labor having working hours nearly of 90 to 100 hours per week. The workers were badly paid against their service and had only two days off per month which violated the international standard of work. Alom (2012) had commented that the MNCs with which the factory traded could have seen whether the factory is maintaining the ethics as per international standards. But, due to their negligence, in the 21st century; the international laws of labors had been violated to a huge extent that was found out after the collapse of the factory building. No inhumane treatment- According to Rana (2013) the law against the mistreating of the employees was also violated and never came into the notice of the multinational companies that were trading ethically with the Rana Plaza factory. The factory never treated its workers properly and moreover on the day of collapse, they were beaten up by the local goons that were hired by the factory head and were also threatened that their wages for the month of April will be withheld if the workers do not enter the factory. This kind of mishandling the workers which were against the internal laws was practiced in Bangladesh behind the ethical curtains of the MNCs who claim to trade ethically (Diermeier, 2014). Part B 1. Responsibility of the MNCs associated with Rana for recognizing and acting more upon the ethical obligations The MNCs that were associated with Rana Plaza garment factory initially never took attention regarding the ethics, rules and regulations that the factory had adopted. Duncan-Daston et al. (2013) commented on the fact that before the collapse of Rana Plaza, none of the ethics regarding the wages, working hours and other ethical considerations were followed or taken into account and the MNCs were did not paid any attention to it. The collapse of the factory building was a curtain raiser to these companies because it showed how the workers were manhandled and maltreated to work for nominal amounts. According to Rana (2013) after the collapse of the factory building, the multinational companies like Primark, Wal-Mart, Mascot, Mango, ASDA etc have done enough contribution to the Rana Plaza Donors Trust Fund. But still there are many companies such as Benetton, Cato Fashions, Store 21, Lee Cooper, NKD, and Yes Zee etc have not yet contributed. According to Alpaslan and Schenck (2014) the companies that traded with Rana Plaza garment factory had to give compensation for the loss of the lives of the people as well as to the live victims of the accident. It was the shortcomings of the multinational companies that they overlooked the critical conditions of the factory where the workers had to work for their livelihood. In addition to this, the workers were also maltreated and were not handled properly rather were given very low wages for their long hours work. Alom (2012) commented on the fact that these ethical considerations of the suppliers were never focused or given importance by these MNCs who rather claim that they have adopted ethics, rules and regulations in their business. After the collapse of the factory building, the MNCs became aware of the ethical considerations that they need to follow while trading ethically. The responses of the multinational companies varied from one another. The European Government threatened the Bangladeshi government for altering the General System of Preferences (GSP) if they failed to obey the international labor standards. Morad (2014) commented that this collapse of Rana Plaza factory building resulted that nearly 150 of the global clothing brands have agreed upon and signed the agreement on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh that allowed the workers and staff members to stop working if they feel that their safety is under threat. But it is still seen that two of the Australian companies didnt sign up the agreement of crucial safety for the garment workers of Bangladesh. In addition to this, it is seen that Primark made a very huge contribution of nearly $640 dollars to nearly 580 people who were either the survivor s or relatives of the victims of Rana Plaza factory. According to Alpaslan and Schenck (2014) the global labor group had criticized the global retailers for not funding enough for the crisis that Bangladeshi labors had faced. For the workers who have died, their payments are made according to their age, number of dependents and earning potential. The workers who had survived but were injured badly will also receive money as compensation. For many companies, the compensation giving speed is comparatively very less which on demand of the world unions have speeded up t a good extent. Pressure of Social Media on MNCs through activism and stakeholders The social media played a very crucial role in placing pressure to these MNCs and stakeholders. Duncan-Daston et al. (2013) commented on the fact that specially, the social media adopted photography as activism in order to pressurize the multinational companies and stakeholders. This is because; visual journalism shows the people the real scenario of the actual happenings in the world. Several campaigns were held to put pressure on the MNCs and the stakeholders. The Clean Clothes Campaign that took place in April, 2014 had the agenda to show the world the activities and responsibilities of the MNCs in response to the disaster. The headline of the campaign was to show the world Who has paid and who is dragging their heels that showed the companies who had made contributions regarding the collapse and the companies who didnt bother to help these victims (Siegle, 2014). In addition to this according to Kabeer and Mahmud (2004) the Fashion revolutionary Day was also organized in order to use the consumers power for convincing the companies for the wellbeing of the workers as their primary priority. The NGOs and media played an important role in seeing and supervising the laws and regulations followed by the companies while trading within the country or importing goods from outside countries. Kabeer and Mahmud (2004) had commented that the constant vigilance of the media puts the multinational companies in pressure for following the ethics, rules and regulations while ding inside the country or doing with the business with the global countries. Due to the hostile media exposure and coverage, the multinational companies changed their business practices and thereby were forced to adopt ethical measures in reply to the activist demands from the media. 2. Role of social media for the workers of Bangladesh- Positive or quick Twitter Moment The social media that played an important role for the workers of Bangladesh gave a very positive impact on the global world rather than a flicker or a quick Twitter Moment on the disastrous situation of the Bangladeshi workers on the Rana Plaza collapse. Cavkoska (2014) commented that the accident of Rana Plaza that lead to the deaths of several workers as well as injury of a large number of workers, the supply chain to the multinational companies faced a lot of problems due to the active participation of the social media The social media was abrupt and actively participated in raising their fingers to the corporate responsibility and ethics of the multinational companies that were supplied the garments from this factory. According to Alom (2012) the direct intervention of the social media played a positive role for in favor of the Bangladeshi workers. This is seen that after the collapse of the factory building, the social media pointed fingers towards the MNCs for neglecting their responsibilities of knowing whether the suppliers follow the ethics, the International laws of Labor and trades ethically. Rana (2013) commented on the fact that due to the direct involvement of the social media, the multinational companies are compelled to sign on the Accord on Fire and Building Safety that allowed the workers to stop working if they find their safety is in danger. It has been broadcasted and published that after China, Bangladesh is the largest exporter of garments and have nearly 4 million garment workers in Bangladesh. Duncan-Daston et al. (2013) had an observation that the salaries that they receive are far below the standards and their working conditions are pitiful as well as far below the living standard. These exposures of the media mainly after the collapse of Rana Plaza flamed up the global customers and were an eye opener to the companies who were not concerned with the ethics that their suppliers followed. According to Alpaslan and Schenck (2014) because of the activism of the social media, the buildings of Bangladesh that were unethically and unauthorized built up were closed due to safety reasons. This somehow helped to save the lives of the workers and thereby helped in improvement of the working conditions and adoption of ethical considerations within the factories. Conclusion The report focuses on the collapse of Rana Plaza garment factory in Bangladesh that killed and injured several numbers of workers and was an eye opener to the multinational companies. The report is based on the investigations and findings of the Rana Plaza case and also focused on the ethical issues that the MNCs claimed to follow. In addition to this, the case study also focused on the responsibilities that the multinational companies have increased and have starting acting on their ethical obligations. Moreover, the pressure on the MNCs and stakeholders by the social media are also discussed elaborately. The activism of the social media played a positive role for the workers of Bangladesh. Reference List Journals Alom, K. (2012) Capital Structure Choice of Bangladeshi Firms: An Empirical Investigation, AJFA, 5(1), pp. 34-64 Alpaslan, N. and Schenck, R. (2014) CHALLENGES RELATED TO WORKING CONDITIONS EXPERIENCED BY SOCIAL WORKERS PRACTISING IN RURAL AREAS,Social Work, 48(4), pp. 54-74 Cavkoska, B. (2014) Freedom of movement of workers as a condition for implementing the Europe 2020 strategy for employment and growth,SEER, pp.393-401 Duncan-Daston, R., Hunter-Sloan, M. and Fullmer, E. (2013) Considering the ethical implications of social media in social work education,Ethics and Information Technology, 15(1), pp.35-43 Kabeer, N. and Mahmud, S. (2004) Globalization, gender and poverty: Bangladeshi women workers in export and local markets,Journal of International Development, 16(1), pp.93-109 Morad, M. (2014) MEDIA CONCERN AND TRENDS OF FERTILITY IN BANGLADESH,IIASS, 7(2), pp.99-112 Rana, S. (2013) An Overview on Co-Efficient of Localization Localization Curve and Their Application Opportunities in the Context of Bangladesh,IOSR-JHSS, 12(3), pp.72-77 Websites Diermeier, D. (2014)The Rise of Private Regulation in Global Commerce - Here's how business leaders can address the resulting risks, Insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu. Available at: https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/the_rise_of_private_regulation_in_global_commerce/ [Accessed 25 Jan. 2015] Henniker, E. (2014)The Bangladesh Factory Collapse: A Case for Intervention Policy Change, Seven Pillars Institute, Available at: https://sevenpillarsinstitute.org/case-studies/bangladesh-factory-collapse-case-intervention-policy-change [Accessed 25 Jan. 2015] Siegle, L. (2014) We Are What We Wear: Unravelling fast fashion and the collapse of Rana Plaza - Guardian Shorts | 60-Minute Masterclasses, Guardian Shorts | 60-Minute Masterclasses, Available at: https://guardianshorts.co.uk/wearewhatwewear/ [Accessed 25 Jan. 2015].

The Trial Of Anne Hutchinson Essay Example For Students

The Trial Of Anne Hutchinson Essay The Regulators of North Carolina: Outraged OpressorsThe history of colonial North Carolina is bombarded with frequent strife andturmoil. The people of North Carolina, because of a lack in supervision fromthe British monarchy, learned to possess an independent spirit. The colony remainedisolated from the rest of the country because of several geographicalconditions such as poor harbors, the abscence of navigable rivers, numerousswamps, and bad road conditions. Due to these conditions, communitiesthroughout North Carolina became widely seperated. The colony was initiallyset up by the Lords Proprietors, an English founding company that helpedfinance early American exploration. When North Carolina was freed fromBritish proprietorship, the Granville family, descendants from the originalLords Proprietors, con-tinued to hold their land rights. This area, whichbecame known as the Granville District, was the scene of many disputes overland grants, taxes, British support, and a great deal of l esser issues. Settlers in the back country (Piedmont) felt particularly oppressed by the laws drawn up by an assembly largely composed of eastern landowners. Localofficials in many counties, particularly in the western segment of the backcountry were not local men at all, but friends of the royal governor, WilliamTryon. These so-called friends often collected higher fees than authorizedby the law while obtaining tax money or divided a single service into manyservices and charged fees for each. Lawyers who followed the judges aroundthe colony also fell into the same habit. We will write a custom essay on The Trial Of Anne Hutchinson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The citizens of Anson, Orange, and Granville counties were the first to makethemselves heard. In 1764, this band of citizens, referred to as the mob, created a number of local disturbances until Governor Arthur Dobbs passed a proclomation forbidding the collection of illegal fees, the practice that the people complained of the most. Their protests were calmed only temporarily. However, the efects of the new law wore off soon enough and sheriffs and other county officers returned totheir old dishonest practices. Citizens complained largely in part becausemoney was so scarce; local trading was almost limited to barter. Often,property was seized and resold, and citizens felt that their property wasbeing sold to a friend of an official for much less than its true value (1). People among the Granville District were anxious to revolt and needed only a leader to provide the spark that led to the fire of the War of Regulation. Aman named Hermon Husband became actively involved and was referr ed to as aleader several times, despite the fact that he was often nothing more than anagitator. Husband reprinted patriotic flyers with messages dealing withtaxation withour representation hoping that citizens would call for reform. However, at no time during the Regulation was there an actual leader (2). Orange County was an early center of Regulator activity. Colonel EdmundFanning, holder of numerous offices in the county including the prominent Clerkof the Recorders Court at Hillsborough, became a prime target along withRoyal Governor William Tryon, who took office in 1765. Tryon was hatedbecause he aimed to use taxes to build Tryon Palace in New Bern, a verycostly residence for himself, as well as the seat for the colonysgovernment. The Regulators, who named themselves after a group of countryreformists in South Carolina (3) shortly after Tryons announcement to buildthe palace, had no sympathy with the governors desire for a fancy residence. The War of Regulation was not limited to Orange County. Outbreaks ofviolence during the collection of taxes in Anson County and several riotsthroughout the Granville District were sure signs of what was to come. A group of men, apparently enthusiastic over the success of the Sons ofLiberty in resisting the Stamp Act, called citizens together to determinewhether they were being treated justly or not. Edmund Fanning denounced thismeeting. Little was accomplished at the meeting, but this is where theRegulators proclaimed themselves as a radical political group (4). Minor oppositions continued to occur until the spring of 1768 when the sheriff of Orange County announced he would be collecting taxes at certain areas of thecolony only, and if colonists did not pay at these particular locations acharge would be incurred. This occured at about the same time Tryon gaveword about the construction of Tryon Palace. This was very inconvenient forthe sttlers for two reasons. The widely scattered population made itdifficult to arrive at these tax stations. Lack of money was also a concern. Opposition to these moves influenced people to join the Regulatorassociation. The Regulators declared their purpose in a proclamation soonafter claiming they would: assemble ourselves for conference for regulatingpublic grievances and abuses of power, in the following particularsthatmay occur: (1) We will pay no more taxes until we are satisfied that they areagreeable to law, and applied to the purposes therein mentioned, unless wecannot help it, or are forced. (2) We will pay no officer any more fees thanthe law allows, unless we are obliged to do it, and then show our dislike andbear open testimony against it. (3) We will attend all of our meetings as often as we conveniently can (4) We will contribute to collections for defraying the necessaryexpenses attending the work, according to our abilities. (5) In case ofdifferences in judgement, we will submit to the judgement of the majority ofour body. (5) The Regulators also did not allow drinking of alcohol attheir meetings because th ey knew that different opinions could result in aninternal clash. At an unfortunate moment with feeling between the two opposing sides ata peak, officials in Hillsborough seized a Regulators horse, saddle, andbridle and sold them for taxes. Outraged, a band of Regulators rode intoHillsborough, rescued the horse, and before leaving town, fired several shotsinto Edmund Fannings house. Fanning, who was in court in Halifax,immediately ordered the arrest of three Regulators who played a big role inthe Hillsborough horse incident, William Butler, Peter Craven, and NinianBell Hamilton. Citizens of Orange County were very sympathetic with theRegulators. Hermon Husband was chosen as one of two delegates to meet withofficials to discuss the incident. Before the meeting could be held, Fanninggathered a handful of armed men and assisted the sheriff in arresting WilliamButler and Hermon Husband. The two men were charged with inciting the peopleto rebellion and were confined in the Hillsborough jail. Enraged by the officers, the following morning seven hundred m en, some ofwhom were not Regulators, went to Hillsborough to rescue the prisoners. .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca , .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca .postImageUrl , .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca , .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca:hover , .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca:visited , .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca:active { border:0!important; } .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca:active , .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub2e6efa00c5c9f767951f085135427ca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay Controversy Behind South Park's Ethics EssayCounty officials, becoming alarmed, released the prisoners in time to speedthem away to meet the approaching mob of men. The governors secretaryinformed the protestors that Governor Tryon would receive their petition toinvestigate conditions in Orange County and would see that they received fairtreatment at the hands of county officials. Due to this incident, support forthe Regulation movement spread (6). The Regulators pursued their purpose with tremendous force. They oftenbroke into courts of justice, drove judges from the bench and set up mock trials. They dragged unoffending attorneys through the streets almost until deathand publicly assaulted peaceful citizens who refused to express publicsympathy for the Regulation. In September, 1770, Judge Richard Henderson waspresiding over the superior court in Hillsborough when a mob of one hundredfifty Regulators, led by Husband, armed with sticks and switches, broke intothe courthouse, attempted to strike the judge, and forced him to leave thebench. They next attacked and severely whippped John Williams, a practicingattorney. William Hooper, who later would be a signer of the Declaration ofIndependence and an assistant attorney general was dragged through thestreets to be humiliated and violently abused. Edmund Fanning was pulledfrom the courthouse by his heels and dragged from the courthouse before beingbrutally whipped. The mob then broke into Fannings house, burned hispapers, destroyed his furniture, and demolished and burned the building. Many others were whipped as the Regulators rioted through the streets ofHillsborough. Windows of private homes were broken and the inhabitants of the town wereterrorized. Court was adjourned when Judge Henderson was unable to keep order(7). The assembly of Governor Tryon set about at once to draw up a series ofreform measures. Acts were passed dealing with the appointment of sheriffs andtheir duties, fixing attorneys fees, regulating officers fees, providingfor more speedy collection of small debts, and the creation of the countiesof Wake, Guilford, Chatham, and Surry in the areas of the region where theRegulators were the most numerous. These laws were designed to meet thedemands of the Regulators, but while the assembly was vigorously passingthese laws word arrived that the Regulators had assembled in CumberlandCounty and were preparing to march to New Bern, the current capital of NorthCarolina and residence of Royal Governor William Tryon. A complete changecame over the assembly and thoughts turned toward punishing measures (8). The assembly adopted the Johnston Act introduced by Samuel Johnston, who would later be a member of the Continental Congress and a senator from NorthCarolina in the First Congress of the Unit ed States. This act was to beenforced for one year only. It stated that the attorney general couldprosecute charges of riot in any superior court in the province. All whoavoided the summons for court for sixty days were declared and liable to bekilled for treason. In addition to these drastic steps, the governor wasallowed to call the militia out to enforce the law. The Regulators, asanticipated by the governingauthorities in North Carolina, reacted withdefiance. To promote and strengthen their organization they sent messengersto nearly every county to encourage supporters and organize those who wouldjoin them. The people of Rowan County were extremely cooperative due totheir hatred of the Johnston Act (9). Governor Tryon, in March 1771, ordered a term of superior court to be heldin Hillsborough, but judges filed a protest with the council. Under the riotousconditions existing in that part of the province, they felt that they couldnot hold court with any hope of prosecution. They also feared for theirpersonal safety because of what previously occurred in Hillsborough in thecase of Judge Richard Henderson. After this appeal had been made, thecouncil decided that it was time to take a stand against the lawlessness ofthe citizens (10). Protest from the Regulators came strongly, but Tryon paid no attention. On March 19, 1771 he called for volunteers for the militia and when enlistmentsbegan slowly he offered a payment of forty shillings. The offer helpedtremendously, and on April 23 the troops got under way. Guns, ammunition,and other equipment for these troops had been sent at Tryons request fromFort Johnston on the Cape Fear River. General Hugh Waddell had already beenordered to march to Salisbury to halt the advances of the Rowan Regulators,to retrieve the western militia, and march to Hillsborough from the west. At the Johnston County Courthouse troops from Craven, Cateret, Orange, Beau-fort, New Hanover, Onslow, Dobbs, and Johnston were joined by the Wakemilitia. They made their way to Smiths Ferry beside the Neuse River whereTryon reviewed the troops on May 3, 1771. There were 1,068 men; 151 wereofficers. Pleased with his recruitment, he broke camp and advanced towardHillsborough. General Waddell and his 284 officers and men were approachingSalisbury from the Cape Fear River. .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba , .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba .postImageUrl , .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba , .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba:hover , .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba:visited , .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba:active { border:0!important; } .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba:active , .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uca19cbced09e4417ed73d362592cffba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Who is a True Christian? EssayGovernor Tryon and the militia reached Hillsborough on May 9. GeneralWaddell left Salisbury that same day, but while crossing the Yadkin River he was metand stopped by a large group of Regulators. Waddell retreated back toSalisbury. Intending to help General Waddell, Tryon left Hillsborough on May 11 leadingthe militia through the heart of Regulator country. On the fourteenth day theyreached the banks of Alamance Creek where they rested for a day. On May 16,1771, Tryon ordered his army into battle formation. The companies fromCateret, Orange, Beaufort, New Hanover, and Dobbs counties, plus theartillery, were in the lead, followed by companies from Onslow and Johnston. With these troops Tryon set out to destroy a large body of Regulatorsreported assembled five miles ahead. The Regulators, estimated at about 2,000, were waiting for Tryons confrontation. They lacked adequate leadership, a clear purpose, efficient organization, andeven sufficient arms and ammunition for battle. The Regulators must havefelt that simply by making a display of force they could frighten thegovernor into granting their demands. Among their number were many noisy andrestless individuals and many who seemed not to realize the seriousness ofthe situation lying ahead. Earlier that week, some of the Regulatorscaptured Colonel John Ashe and Captain John Walker of Tryons militia whilethey were scouting, severly beat them, and made them prisoners. So careless were the Regulators and so unaware of the situation most of themwere wrestling and playing around when an older soldier who happened to beamong them warned them to expect an attack at any minute. Shortly after, thefiring began. Before the shooting began, the Regulators were given a choiceto retreat and dissolve their group or be fired upon. In the one hour theyhad to decide few were considering their lives. The Regulators gave noresponse and thus the Battle of Alamance began. Tryons well-equipped troops soon put the Regulators to flight. The Regulators had no officer higher than captain and each individual company foughtindependently. Tryons artillery fire was very effective in the beginning, but manyRegulators later found refuge behind trees and rocks. The Regulators weredeserted by many of their own comrades and took early leave of thebattlefield. The Battle of Alamance lasted two hours. Tryons forces lost nine to deathand sixty-one wounded, while the Regulators lost the same number killed and had alarge, but undetermined number of people wounded. Tryon took about fifteenprisoners and executed one on the spot with the idea of striking terror intothe hearts of the Regulators. This action, I believe, was uncalled forbecause of the decisive military defeat. Despite his evil display ofcharacter during the battle, Tryon had his own surgeons treat the woundedRegulators (the entire battle has been summarized from source #11). The Regulators attempt to secure reform in local government by forceapparently failed completely. The Regulators were compelled to retreat from society andlive life in the wilderness. Many migrated, some going to Tennessee and downinto the Mississippi River Valley. Others followed Daniel Boones trail intoKentucky. In fact, by 1772, just one year later, about 1,500 of the formerRegulators left North Carolina (12). The importance of the Battle of Alamance and its proper place in Americanhistory have been topics of discussion not only in North Carolina, but acrossthe country. I gathered this fact from the area from which my sources came. I noticed that the efforts of the Regulators is very similar to that of thecolonists efforts to gain independence, only on a much smaller scale. TheWar of Regulation should be regarded as one of the primary thrusts of NorthCarolinas role in the Revolutionary War. Because of the research I havedone I am encouraged to find out more about the history of North Carolina. The Battle of Alamance should be covered in every American history course simply because it illustrates the desire for independence many colonists had during this time period. Endnotes1. Nelson, Paul David. William Tryon and the Course of an Empire: A Life inBritish Imperial Service. The University of North Carolina Press,Chapel Hill. 1990. 2. Dill, Alonzo Thomas. Governor Tryon and His Palace. University of NorthCarolina Press, Chapel Hill. 1955. 3. Dill, Alonzo Thomas. Governor Tryon and His Palace. University of NorthCarolina Press, Chapel Hill. 1955. 4. Spindel, Donna J. Law and Disorder: The North Carolina Stamp ActCrisis. North Carolina Historical Review. vol 57: 1980. pp. 1-16. 5. Henderson, Archibald. Origin of the Regulation in North Carolina.American Historical Review. 21: 1916. pp.320-32. 6. Lefler, Hugh T. Orange County and the War of Regulation. in OrangeCounty, 1752-1952. ed. Hugh T. Lefler and Paul Wager. Chapel Hill: 1953. pp. 22-40. 7. Fitch, William Edwards. Some Neglected History of North Carolina. Neale Publishing Company: New York, New York, 1905. 8. London, L.F. The Representation Controversy in Colonial North Carolina.North Carolina Historical Review. vol 11: 1934. pp. 255-76. 9. Newsome, Alber Ray and Hugh T. Lefler. The History of a Southern State. The University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, 1973. 10. Bridenbaugh, Carl. Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1734-1776. Knopf Publishing, New York NY, 1968. 11. Edward, Brother C. The Regulators: North Carolina Taxpayers Take Arms Against the Governing Elite. American HistoryIllustrated. April 1983: pp. 42-48. 12. Stumpf, Vernon O. Josiah Martin: The Last Royal Governor of NorthCarolina. Carolina Academic Press for the Kellenberger Foundation:Durham, NC, 1986.

Free Essays on Positive Effects Of The Black Death

Positive Effects of the Black Death It is difficult to imagine that one of world history’s most tragic events could actually have had any positive outcomes, yet it did indeed. When we consider that this plague wiped out somewhere between 25 and 50% of the population of Europe it is hard to see a good side. From China to Greenland and seemingly everywhere in between the Black Death was a pandemic nearly global in its proportions (Thomas, 6). Fleas and rats were the carriers of this grotesque disease. Symptoms included high fevers, aching limbs and vomiting of blood. The most noticeable characteristic was a swelling of the lymph nodes. The lymph nodes are found in the neck, armpits, and groin. The swellings continued to expand until they eventually burst, with death following soon after. From the first symptoms to final expiration only lasted three to four days. The swellings were easily visible and its blackish coloring gave the disease its name: The Black Death. Europe was flourishing it seemed, for nearly half a century before the early thirteen hundreds. Yet, a succession of environmental disasters occurred that set the scene for calamity. Famine and poor harvests were brought on by the â€Å"Little Ice Age† and suggested that the years of prosperity were over. In 1347 the plague arrived in Europe at Messina, Sicily and in several years the plague ravaged almost the entire Western world ( Zaller, 378). Europe lost nearly one third of Jones 2 its population during this four year period. It seems evident that there is nothing good whatsoever about these tragic events. In fact, some considered this time to be the â€Å"Apocalypse† better known as the end of the world. However, when looked at from a different prospective one might conclude otherwise. Economically speaking the plague had a number of important effects. The severe depopulation was a major contributing factor to many socio-economic change... Free Essays on Positive Effects Of The Black Death Free Essays on Positive Effects Of The Black Death Positive Effects of the Black Death It is difficult to imagine that one of world history’s most tragic events could actually have had any positive outcomes, yet it did indeed. When we consider that this plague wiped out somewhere between 25 and 50% of the population of Europe it is hard to see a good side. From China to Greenland and seemingly everywhere in between the Black Death was a pandemic nearly global in its proportions (Thomas, 6). Fleas and rats were the carriers of this grotesque disease. Symptoms included high fevers, aching limbs and vomiting of blood. The most noticeable characteristic was a swelling of the lymph nodes. The lymph nodes are found in the neck, armpits, and groin. The swellings continued to expand until they eventually burst, with death following soon after. From the first symptoms to final expiration only lasted three to four days. The swellings were easily visible and its blackish coloring gave the disease its name: The Black Death. Europe was flourishing it seemed, for nearly half a century before the early thirteen hundreds. Yet, a succession of environmental disasters occurred that set the scene for calamity. Famine and poor harvests were brought on by the â€Å"Little Ice Age† and suggested that the years of prosperity were over. In 1347 the plague arrived in Europe at Messina, Sicily and in several years the plague ravaged almost the entire Western world ( Zaller, 378). Europe lost nearly one third of Jones 2 its population during this four year period. It seems evident that there is nothing good whatsoever about these tragic events. In fact, some considered this time to be the â€Å"Apocalypse† better known as the end of the world. However, when looked at from a different prospective one might conclude otherwise. Economically speaking the plague had a number of important effects. The severe depopulation was a major contributing factor to many socio-economic change...

Aristotle Virtue Ethics Essay Example for Free

Aristotle Virtue Ethics Essay One basic notion in Aristotelian ethics that occupies a central significance is Aristotle’s belief in the role of man’s activities in order for one to acquire ethical knowledge. That is, for one to become virtuous or to obtain virtues one should not merely confine himself to mere studying of these virtues but rather one should, more importantly, actualize this knowledge of the virtues. Thus, for one to become good, one should do good. Aristotle further stretches his ideas by proposing the doctrine of the mean. The essence of this doctrine dwells on the basic precept that one ought to avoid the extremes and, instead, settle for the â€Å"mean†. The actions of men, more specifically, ought to be framed upon the â€Å"mean† which is the virtue. For example, the virtue of courage rests on the mean between two extremes: cowardice or the â€Å"lack† of courage, and rashness or the â€Å"excess† in courage. It can easily be observed that Aristotle suggests that one should live a life that does not border on the things that are on the â€Å"most† and the â€Å"least† levels. For example, if I were to follow Aristotle’s ethics I should always see to it that I should consistently draw myself towards the middle value and avoid slanting towards cowardice and excess. All this could have been very well except for one small thing that I cannot seem to fully comprehend. How is it possible for one to ascertain that one is actually taking the middle path? Or how is it possible for one to know that this or that is the middle value or is the virtuous action? Perhaps the key in having an understanding to the notion of the â€Å"mean† is that one should act. That is, as I continually have these ideas as to what I must do when faced with an ethical situation or, at the least, an ordinary situation, I should nonetheless take the course of action so that I will be able to obtain a qualitative understanding that what I am doing is the â€Å"excess†. On the other hand, I will be having quite a rough time in acquiring the understanding as to whether the action that I am doing is virtuous if all that I do is to theorize and never let my theory be put into practice. Aristotle’s virtue ethics reminds me of Plato’s conception of ethics. For the most part of the Republic, Plato attempts to arrive at a conception of a just life by centering on the notion that the just life or that which is good is better than living a life molded on an evil framework and one which prompts individuals to act in an evil manner. At the onset of the Republic’s Book II, a conception of the idea of â€Å"justice† is advanced as the working of an individual in accordance to the role in which one is best suited as well as the belief for non-interference in the activities of others. In essence, this principle is closely related to Plato’s perspective on acting in accordance to one’s nature or intrinsic being which results to the state or condition of being â€Å"just† or acting justly once the individual acts in line to his very nature. Otherwise, if one begins to act beyond what his nature prescribes, then the individual begins to act in an unjust manner thereby resulting to â€Å"evil† actions (Plato and Kamtekar). While Aristotle insists that one should put into action the thought that one may have so as to have an understanding of the middle value that should be taken, Plato, on the other hand, suggests that one should simply go by with one’s nature so as not to be â€Å"evil†. If I were to choose which ethical precept would be better or would fit me best, I would rather be inclined to adopt Aristotle’s virtue ethics over the other because it offers me a chance to actualize myself through my actions and be guided accordingly. Whereas for Plato, what I am seeing is that I should get to know my self first before I act so that I can be good. But this cannot be met easily essentially because I find it quite difficult to know myself if I would not act first. In the light, if all the students in a certain class would build up a virtue like that of Aristotle’s point of view, the achievement of an environment which is formidably that built on the concept of philosophical and tremendously beneficial notions in life, the attainment of the virtue of goodness is towering in the highest hopes—although it eventually does not also undermine the concept of realism. Apparently, many may not stick on this kind of perception and ought to think that it is certainly not possible to achieve a life which is way beyond the bounds of a â€Å"not-so-good† life for that instance, but with the maximum height of human rationality, such may be given enough credit for the philosophers who believed in a life where â€Å"goodness comes in deeds† (Lannstrom). Lannstrom, Anna. Loving the Fine: Virtue and Happiness in Aristotle’s Ethics. Indiana USA: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006. Plato, and R. Kamtekar. â€Å"The Conventional View of Justice Developed. † Trans. D. Lee. The Republic. 2 ed: Penguin Classics, 2003. 8-14. Aristotle Virtue Ethics. (2017, Apr 20). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

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Intimate Correlation of Media Art and Manufacturing Industry - Dissertation Example Manufacturers need to cater to the changing needs of their consumers in order for them to continue with their operations. They need to think of new innovations for their products for them to be globally competitive and for others not to outweigh what they have. It should not be a wonder why manufacturers with this line of thinking have owned the top positions for the best manufacturers in the world. Apple’s Legacy Apple for instance, has come a very long way in producing items that were really suitable for the different tastes of people. As their products continue to innovate, their ability to capture the hearts of the consumers also continue. With this, manufacturers within the same line of business such as Samsung are also following Apple’s steps in innovating their products and giving in to what the customers want. They always come up with ideas that would attend to the latest craze regarding the different gadgets, always leaving their consumers thirsty for more. Whi le it is enough to credit these manufacturers for their ability to innovate and think of new ways to sell their products, it cannot be denied that media art has also affected the success of these manufacturers very effectively. Anyone would be positive in saying that media art can really push consumers to purchase the products that they contain. Advertisements always make a huge impact to customers and it’s the easiest form of influence so that consumers can be attracted to the products. Apple has been in the top of Wall Street for the past years now, since its introduction of the Macintosh personal computers and the portable music players known as iPod. Nowhere in the world can you see anyone who owns any of these gadgets. The way on how these products attained success is a great illustration on how media art and innovation can really be a factor to the manufacturer’s success. Even the littlest image on a magazine, or a small advertisement in a billboards and everythi ng else, if it contains the most important feature that a product has, that would be a plus factor to the manufacturer’s ability to sell. Even as Apple continue to succeed, its owner, Steve Jobs overlooked the fact that he has competitors around. Koontz and Weihrich (2008, pp.331-333) shared what happened between Apple and Windows. Gates has offered Jobs to make the personalized software that he wants, but as soon as Gates took a hold of the Apple’s software, he took advantage of it, and thus, the birth of Microsoft Windows. This only proves that having the most efficient software and resources is not the only key to success in every company. There will always be those who will compete in order to get to the highest position. Microsoft was then successful in pirating Apple’s idea, but the success that the latter has made can still be apprehended for. According to Lussier and Achua (2010, pp.24-25), Apple’s success comes from trying to make things that wou ld be loved by everyone. There is no doubt at this point that everyone loves their products. Together with their brilliant minds, innovation and resourcefulness, media art can always be behind everything that they make. As stated earlier, the easiest way to reach people nowadays and to sell products is through advertising. Media art is a very effective tool in exposing your products in a very simple way. For as long as you know the details to include in the

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Assigment 3 and 4 - Assignment Example The high demand for the free goods affects the demand that the markets are able to supply. Non payers are not able to be prohibited in using the goods. Market failures are common in provision of public goods. When there is no payment of goods, revenues are not earned from the goods that are produced hence the market is not able to produce more. Government distortion is common in production of public goods through production subsidizing and protection of intellectual property inadequately (Hubbard and Anthony, 51). When the interference occurs, the market is not able to earn revenues and profits from the goods produced. This leads to market failure. Government intervention leads to protection of goods in a market and other firms are not able to enter easily into the markets. 5. Free rider problem occurs when a consumer is in a position of enjoying a good or service without paying for it. Marketers providing public goods have successfully used a number of techniques to encourage those who use the products to contribute to them (Hubbard and Anthony, 67). In the techniques used, they give contributors private goods, arrange matching contribution for them and appeal to the sense of civil and moral responsibility. Solutions are as follows: Common in public and beautiful sceneries those citizens are ready to access through payments. Limiting entrance for such areas may make them private. This is common in sectors that are on high demand in an economy in general. Citizens are beneficiaries of services from the government such as defense. They pay for this indirectly through taxation. Though some taxpayers complain, this remains one of the best ways of making the economy of a country flow steadily. 6. Poverty trap is a mechanism that forces people to remain below the poverty line. It is common in under-developed and developing countries (Hubbard and Anthony, 83). The main causes of the poverty trap are inadequate credit to citizens and

Marketing and Britannia Essay Example for Free

Marketing and Britannia Essay The story of one of Indias favorite brands reads almost like a fairy tale. Once upon a time, in 1892 to be precise, a biscuit company was started in a nondescript house in Calcutta (now Kolkata) with an initial investment of Rs. 295. The company we all know as Britannia today. The beginnings might have been humble-the dreams were anything but. By 1910, with the advent of electricity, Britannia mechanized its operations, and in 1921, it became the first company east of the Suez Canal to use imported gas ovens. Britannias business was flourishing. But, more importantly, Britannia was acquiring a reputation for quality and value. As a result, during the tragic World War II, the Government reposed its trust in Britannia by contracting it to supply large quantities of service biscuits to the armed forces. As time moved on, the biscuit market continued to grow†¦ and Britannia grew along with it. In 1975, the Britannia Biscuit Company took over the distribution of biscuits from Parrys who till now distributed Britannia biscuits in India. In the subsequent public issue of 1978, Indian shareholding crossed 60%, firmly establishing the Indianness of the firm. The following year, Britannia Biscuit Company was re-christened Britannia Industries Limited (BIL). Four years later in 1983, it crossed the Rs. 100 crores revenue mark. On the operations front, the company was making equally dynamic strides. In 1992, it celebrated its Platinum Jubilee. In 1997, the company unveiled its new corporate identity Eat Healthy, Think Better and made its first foray into the dairy products market. In 1999, the Britannia Khao, World Cup Jao promotion further fortified the affinity consumers had with Brand Britannia. Britannia strode into the 21st Century as one of Indias biggest brands and the pre-eminent food brand of the country. It was equally recognized for its innovative approach to products and marketing: the Lagaan Match was voted Indias most successful promotional activity of the year 2001 while the delicious Britannia 50-50 Maska-Chaska became Indias most successful product launch. In 2002, Britannias New Business Division formed a joint venture with Fonterra, the worlds second largest Dairy Company, and Britannia New Zealand Foods Pvt. Ltd. was born. In recognition of its vision and accelerating graph, Forbes Global rated Britannia One amongst the Top 200 Small Companies of the World, and The Economic Times pegged Britannia Indias 2nd Most Trusted Brand. Today, more than a century after those tentative first steps, Britannias fairy tale is not only going strong but blazing new standards, and that miniscule initial investment has grown by leaps and bounds to crores of rupees in wealth for Britannias shareholders. The companys offerings are spread across the spectrum with products ranging from the healthy and economical Tiger biscuits to the more lifestyle-oriented Milkman Cheese. This is because NutriChoice SugarOut is sweetened with Sucralose, derived from sugar, which provides the same sweetness as any other biscuit, without the added calories of sugar. This range is available in 3 delicious variants namely Lifetime, Chocolate cream, and Orange cream, targeted towards all health sensitive people. It is also relevant for consumers with sugar related ailments. Customers are pleasantly delighted with its great taste and equally surprised to know that it has no added sugar. Dont be taken for a ride when you read Sugar Free label on many biscuit packs marketed in India or abroad. Even with 100% no-added sugar, wheat-cereals in biscuits have their own natural sugar content. Britannia has chosen to represent these biscuits with No Added Sugar claim, as there is no added sugar in the processing of NutriChoice SugarOut. Britannia 50-50 Pepper Chakkar The launch of the latest 50-50 variant left everybody guessing What it eez? From TV ads, radio, outdoor and in-store display materials to events, a website and SMS and email blasts, traditional and new media were blended synergistically to create excitement and curiosity about the unique taste of the biscuit. The tangy and distinctive pepper flavoured biscuit, thats thin and crispy and more like a snack, caught the imagination of a younger audience craving something to nibble on. The 50-50 Pepper Chakkar launch is truly a case of leveraging the marketing mix to best advantage. Biscuits derive its name from a French word meaning twice backed bread; Biscuits in general have a good shelf life, which is higher than all other snack items available in the market. India is the second largest producer of biscuits in the world after the U. S. A. but still the per capita consumption is only 2. kg/year of developed countries. As per the latest survey done by N. C. A. E. R. , 49 biscuits are consumed in rural areas. The penetration of biscuits into households stands at an average of 83. 2% with the rural penetration at 77% and urban penetration at 88%. Biscuits are reserved for the small scale sector but there are strong possibilities of the industry being deserved in line with the government policy of liberalization. The net effect thus would be greater choice for the consumer as well as a check on the costs. The country production of the biscuits during 2004-05 was 18. Lac tons of which 1/2 were manufactured by the organized sector. The industry turn over was 5322. 7 Crores of which organized sector contributed 2519. 3 crores. Britannia, makers of Britannia biscuits, doubled capacity from 25 tonnes a day to 50 tonnes and plans to be a national brand soon. In an aggressive mode, the North dominated biscuit player has increased its ad budget to Rs. 5 crore this year from Rs. 3 crore last year. Britannia has also recently invested about Rs. 5 crore in the modernization and expansion of its production and packing its production capacity of 40 tonnes per day to 100 tonnes per day by next year. The aim: to take the current turnover of Rs. 50 crore to Rs. 100 crore by the year. The low priced brand claims to have a 15 per cent market share in the North and is aggressively eyeing a bigger bite of the Rs. 2,500 crore biscuit industries. The brand plans to gain a 40 per cent market share in the North by the year of. The companys strategy has been to attract new consumer segments and widen its consumer base with its well packaged low priced offerings. Britannias success has also come from its formidable. The applicability of various branding strategies play crucial role in arketing in product. the applicability has grown due to the liberalization, competition and technological changes taking place in corporate world. In this project the various branding strategies adopted by the company has been studied and compared on the basis of current market scenario. It gives the idea about the market share enjoyed by the different companies in the Biscuit Industry. It provides the adequate coverage of many issues related to biscuit industry. The objective of this report is to give the market share of Britannia biscuits in the Indian capital (New Delhi). It has been made possible by knowing the consumers behaviour and by studying the patterns adopted by the retailers. It gives us very precise view about the existing demand of Britannia biscuits and demand of their products as compared to other competitors. It also highlights the changing market trends and consumer preferences, why they have shifted from finally pack to pouch pack. The annual growth rate of the industry is about 12. 5%. However, the growth of cream biscuits, assorted or special variety is the range of 30-40%. The organized sector consists of large, medium and small scale biscuit manufacturers who produce packed biscuits. The major players in this sector are Britannia, Bakeman’s, and Parle, etc. the unorganized sector comprises of small bakery units, cottage and household type manufacturing plants. These units distribute their biscuits in the surrounding vicinity of their manufacturing locations of say 20-50 kms. The country production of biscuits during 2005-06 is estimated to be about 19. 5 lack tons. Out of which 1/2 again is expected from unorganized sector.

Army Alpha Testing :: essays research papers

The first mental tests designed to be used for mass, group testing were developed by psychologists for the U.S. Army in 1917-1918. The group tests were modeled after intelligence tests designed for individual use in one-on-one assessment. In developing the mental tests, the psychologists subscribed to the position that one could be quite intelligent, but illiterate or not proficient in the English language. Based on this reasoning, two major tests were developed, the Army Alpha for literate groups, and the Army Beta for illiterates, low literates or non-English speaking (Yerkes, 1921). Both tests were based on the theoretical position that intelligence was an inherited trait, and the assumption was made that native intelligence was being assessed. Each test was made- up of a number of subtests (Figure 4), the contents of which differed depending on whether the test was for literates or illiterates, low literates or non- English speakers. Test 1: Following Oral Directions, involves auding and comprehending simple or complex oral language directions and looking at and marking in the appropriate places on the answer sheet. Test 2: Arithmetical Problems, requires both the ability to read and comprehend the stated problem and the knowledge of arithmetic to perform the computations called for. Test3: Practical Judgment, clearly requires reading and comprehending language. Additionally, however, it requires knowledge of culturally, normative expectations to make the "correct" choice. Test 4: Synonyms-Antonyms, requires specific vocabulary knowledge, in addition to the knowledge of "same" and "opposite." Test 5: Disarranged Sentences, requires semantic knowledge about flies as well as grammatical knowledge to rearrange the sentences, and information has to be held in working memory while rearranging the sentences. Test 6: Number Series Completion, emphasizes reasoning with number knowledge in working memory. Test 7: Analogies, clearly emphasizes culturally determined, semantic knowledge retrieval from the long term memory knowledge base, and also information processing in working memory to detect similarities among the different knowledge domains addressed by the analogies. Test 8: Information is heavily loaded with cultural knowledge requirements. Based on a person's total Alpha score he was assigned a letter grade of A (superior intelligence), B. C+, C (average intelligence), C-, D, or D- (inferior intelligence). The letter grade became the person's mental category, and was taken as a general indicator of the person's native intelligence. This position was held even though there was a clear relationship of Alpha scores to years of schooling, in which much of the special knowledge, vocabulary and cultural knowledge would have been developed. Army Alpha Testing :: essays research papers The first mental tests designed to be used for mass, group testing were developed by psychologists for the U.S. Army in 1917-1918. The group tests were modeled after intelligence tests designed for individual use in one-on-one assessment. In developing the mental tests, the psychologists subscribed to the position that one could be quite intelligent, but illiterate or not proficient in the English language. Based on this reasoning, two major tests were developed, the Army Alpha for literate groups, and the Army Beta for illiterates, low literates or non-English speaking (Yerkes, 1921). Both tests were based on the theoretical position that intelligence was an inherited trait, and the assumption was made that native intelligence was being assessed. Each test was made- up of a number of subtests (Figure 4), the contents of which differed depending on whether the test was for literates or illiterates, low literates or non- English speakers. Test 1: Following Oral Directions, involves auding and comprehending simple or complex oral language directions and looking at and marking in the appropriate places on the answer sheet. Test 2: Arithmetical Problems, requires both the ability to read and comprehend the stated problem and the knowledge of arithmetic to perform the computations called for. Test3: Practical Judgment, clearly requires reading and comprehending language. Additionally, however, it requires knowledge of culturally, normative expectations to make the "correct" choice. Test 4: Synonyms-Antonyms, requires specific vocabulary knowledge, in addition to the knowledge of "same" and "opposite." Test 5: Disarranged Sentences, requires semantic knowledge about flies as well as grammatical knowledge to rearrange the sentences, and information has to be held in working memory while rearranging the sentences. Test 6: Number Series Completion, emphasizes reasoning with number knowledge in working memory. Test 7: Analogies, clearly emphasizes culturally determined, semantic knowledge retrieval from the long term memory knowledge base, and also information processing in working memory to detect similarities among the different knowledge domains addressed by the analogies. Test 8: Information is heavily loaded with cultural knowledge requirements. Based on a person's total Alpha score he was assigned a letter grade of A (superior intelligence), B. C+, C (average intelligence), C-, D, or D- (inferior intelligence). The letter grade became the person's mental category, and was taken as a general indicator of the person's native intelligence. This position was held even though there was a clear relationship of Alpha scores to years of schooling, in which much of the special knowledge, vocabulary and cultural knowledge would have been developed.

e-Commerce web solutions Essay

Ecommerce stores that have been uniquely designed and developed with rich features have created success for online merchants from across diverse industries. With Agile project management and 10+ years of development experience, we deliver a go live version soon to help our customers start generating revenue as soon as possible. Attractive and easy user interface design is the expertise of the talented team and developing the required features. We have been successfully delivering e-stores that are highly appreciated by our clients as well as the customers who shop with them. While developing, the key focus remains on the aesthetics of the store which eventually attracts customers, gives them a smooth shopping experience and increases the chances of making a purchase. Once an ecommerce portal solution is up and running, it is then time to make sure that the general public knows about the ecommerce website and the business. This can happen with the help of search engine promotion for an ecommerce website which is not same as a normal static website. Since the site has got dynamic pages and products, a different strategy has to be worked upon in order to achieve the publicity results. Kenovate Solutions has been delivering the ecommerce search engine optimization services along with the development and hence have been a perfect choice for one-store-shop for ecommerce development and search engine optimization. With over 100+ websites developed, 40+ application software delivered and 50+ live sites hosted for a range of industries and verticals over the last 10+ years, Kenovate Solutions is serving web solution needs for early adopter entrepreneurs, startups and SMEs in domestic & international web domain. Kenovate Solutions specializes in developing web portals, intranets, e-commerce solutions, and web / online applications those are used to streamline functionality and ease of use. Kenovate’s clients include a wide range of domains such as education, finance, FMCG, healthcare, hospitality, international development agencies, manufacturing, non-governmental, research agencies, real estate, retail, travel and tourism etc.

Love, Hate and Beyond. Emotions, Culture and Practice

When analysing grief in an ethnographic fashion it can be quite difficult as it is such a sensitive issue. My partner and myself worked together to devise a project that could target the issue of grief on a wider scale in Northern Ireland. We decided to address the case of the Omagh bombing in 1998 that killed 31 people (two of those being unborn children). This would allow us to look at personal grief but also enable us to concentrate on the grieving process of a community. On a normal Saturday afternoon at 3:10pm, in the small town of Omagh in Northern Ireland, a 500Ib car bomb exploded on the Market Street. This news reached the whole world as the grief of a small town was presented on every news channel and in every newspaper. Northern Ireland is a place that is used to dealing with tragedy as nearly 4,000 people have been killed as a result of the troubles. The bomb resulted in destroying many people's lives, the community had to pull together to combat what one priest there described as, â€Å"good over evil†. We both interviewed someone from Omagh. Making sure that it was a male and a female in a similar age group. We also made sure that one was Protestant and one was Catholic to gain a fair overview of the situation. Methodology and Ethics The technique that I used to research was an in formal interview with a 23-year Old girl from Omagh, who was there at the time of the bombing. She herself was a Roman Catholic. The interviewing process is one of the most common ways of obtaining information for the anthropologist. It could be seen, as being very flexible as there are set guidelines on how one must interview. However there are different types of questions that can be used according to the sensitivity of the subject that is being addressed. During my interview I wanted to let the conversation flow easily so I asked what are known as semi- structured questions. This allows the person being interviewed to talk away about the subject, â€Å"The interviewer responds using prompts, probes and follow up questions to get the interviewee to clarify or expand on the answers†1. The prompts I used throughout the interview allowed her to say what she wanted to say and was a sensitive approach due to the subject in hand. â€Å"Prompting is an art that has to be cultivated, and a certain amount of effort must initially be put into pump-priming (that is, encouraging informants to speak freely and informatively on subjects that interest you)†2. I could see that during the interview she could start talking about something that was upsetting her but then we were able to move on to another aspect of the question. Drever explains that semi-structured interviews allow one to, gather factual information, collect statements of their preferences and opinions explore in some depth, their experiences. I just tried t o get my interviewee to explain the events in chronological order, getting her to tell me how she felt at all times putting the emphasis on grief and community. As my interviewee was a female friend I think that allowed her to open up to me when she was talking about her experience at two of the victim's wakes. This method of asking questions allowed me to gain high quality information for my research project, I could listen carefully to what she was saying and explore her individual viewpoints. The essential aim to ethnography is to produce knowledge, ‘central to researching the truth: the aim should be to produce accounts of the social phenomena' (Paul Atkinson). When analysing an issue such as the emotion of grief one has to be careful that their pursuit of knowledge does not become offensive to anyone involved. There seems to be five main factors when dealing with the ethics of the interviewing process. 1, Informed consent, the interviewee should know exactly why they are being interviewed and give their â€Å"unconstrained consent†3, it could be seen as being devious or unfair if this is not the case. It seems only fair when addressing the subject of grief to be truthfull.2, Harm, is something that can occur to those being researched if the anthropologists are not careful. For example an interviewee may feel anxious about the publication of the results of an interview if they have said anything controversial. Sensitive issues need careful consideration, as the subject can be harrowing for the interviewee. Finch expresses her feelings on harm and explains that it is difficult even for feminists â€Å"to devise ways of ensuring that information given so readily in interviews will not be used ultimately against the collective interests of women' (1984:83). 3, Exploitation, can occur during a research study as people do not appreciate being used as ‘fodder for research', Beyon (1983). People do not appreciate giving time and effort to take part in research and not be able to get anything out of it, once their job has been done some interviewees can be cast aside. People however do enjoy helping others for a good reason. As my interviewee was a personal friend she was more than happy to talk to me and felt it had helped once again to get some thoughts out in to the open. 4, Consequences for future research, are an important issue as it allows research to carry over years developing our knowledge and understanding. If an anthropologist were to do something so objectionable that it would stop future research then â€Å"ethnographic research would become virtually impossible† (Fred Davis). The researcher has a duty to everyone else not to ‘spoil the field'. Omagh bombing interview with Tracey Donally Tracey first describes where she was at the time of the bombing. â€Å"I was working in a shop in Omagh, about a 1/4 of a mile away from where the explosion actually took place. When we first heard the loud bang, we all thought that it was a controlled explosion. It was quite a bit later when we realised what had happened, the phone lines in Omagh had gone down and nobody really knew what was going on. News soon spread that it was a bomb near the courthouse; at this point the number of people that had died was still unclear. Omagh was just a small town nobody expected this, panic hit everyone straight away, my brother was in the town as well as my boyfriend, thankfully they were fine, however, I knew that someone I knew would be hurt as it is such a small community.† Then we move on to who she knew that was killed and the wakes and the funerals of these people. † It was a couple of days later that the whole death toll was clear, my aunt was a nurse in the hospital and I kept hearing names of my friends that were coming in to the hospital in critical conditions. Samantha McFarland was my friend she had died in the bombing, there was also Lorraine Wilson, Elizabeth Rush and my friends mother Philomena Skelton. I attended two wakes and two funerals, one Church of Ireland and one Roman Catholic. The feeling around Omagh at this time was unbelievable only people that were there or a part of the community will ever understand. Queues of people lined up outside the wake houses to pay respects to the dead and offer their condolences to the family. I stood there and waited in silence, everyone was suffering terrible grief. When I went into Samantha's wake room I didn't really know what to say to her mother or her closest friend who were there with the body, (an open coffin). I offered my sympathy, and her mother was in pure shock sat there saying to people, ‘oh Samantha used to talk about you', or, ‘I remember you being in Samantha's class at school'. The family and friends were all stood outside the wake room, some silent, some regaling stories of Samantha and discussing what had actually happened during the bombing. In true Irish fashion the women ran around with tea and sandwiches for everyone there. I only stayed there for a couple of hours as the house was so full of people, however close friends and family would sit up all night with the body, taking it in turns to try and get some sleep or just rest themselves at least. At Philomena's wake the atmosphere was very much the same, I was there to show my friend support at this time when her Mummy had just died. As this family were Catholic the Priest came round to the wake whilst I was there and everyone inside or standing around the outside of the house said the Rosary, this would happen at several different times throughout the night, (helping the soul of the body reach Heaven). During this report it has become apparent that death has the ability to release the most powerful emotions amongst people that is why it is important to discuss the rituals that follow, ‘There are many emotional dimensions to ritual'4. In this part of the interview Tracey explained about how she attended the waking of two of the victim's bodies. Waking the body is a traditional ritual that occurs all over Ireland. It involves all of the surrounding community. The wake approaches death head on. The wake room is where the body is kept, usually in an open coffin, surrounded by candles and maybe flowers. Any family or friends who wish to come to the house do so to pray for the dead, it is also a great display of support for the grieving family. It helps many grieving family members as they have something to concentrate their grief on. People will stay up all night the body is never left alone. Outside the wake room win the rest of the house is where people will usually run around helping when thy can, women make gallons of tea and feed everyone. People can sit and think about the person they have lost in silence, or talk to many other people that knew them. Talking about the dead helps people to grieve for the dead. During my time researching this report, my partner's cousin died. As an English girl I had never experienced a wake, which is common practice over here. I thought it was a good way of dealing with death and grief as there were always many chances to talk and reflect with others. Having the body in the house was also a positive thing as the family were not ready to say goodbye suddenly they wanted to look at him, remember him and pray for him, although they were praying for his soul to go to heaven (saying the rosary several times, led by the priest or leading family members) throughout the wake the body was of great importance also. When looking at other death rituals and grieving processes, the Dagura people in Africa have some thing similar to a wake. The women of the village are allowed to grieve first however this must be in silence. It is this way until the men have found a ‘sacred space' in which they announce the death and invite the whole village to come and grieve. The men are forbidden to show any signs of grief until this ritual space is created. The journey of the soul is of great importance after death â€Å"The invoking of the spirits is partly designed to elicit enough grief from the mourners, to allow the dead person to move into the world of the ancestors. The Dagura believe that the soul's journey into the next world is dependant in some ways upon the grief expressed by the mourners.† Tom Golden5. This does relate to the Catholic waking practice of saying the Rosary and other prayers to help the soul enter the kingdom of heaven, (the soul could be in a place called Purgatory where it would have to spend some time before moving on into Heaven, only saints go straight to Heaven). This gives both these groups of people a purpose for their grief. Grief is a state where one may not know what to do with themselves some may even go off the rails. Dagura people keep two women elders with the body at all times collecting the grief from the rest of the community around them that come to visit. This displays an example of coping behaviour within both of these societies. As both cultures appreciate the rebirth of the soul, one is left to think about thee relationship of the biological and the social collectivity. â€Å"Bloch and Parry hold a particular view of ritual, seeing it basically as a form of social control. One aspect of this is that society actively shapes the emotions of its m embers through ritual†6. The funerals of these two people were on different days, both had the Guard of honour before they reached the church. I have never experienced such a feeling of pure sadness amongst so many people in all my life. They were both very hard days. At both, the churches were so packed I had to stand outside. I could hear the service through the speakers outside, I could also hear horrible cries of agony from inside the church of close family. This was the most painful thing for me, openly hearing and seeing the physical grief of the people. Both bodies were buried in Omagh in the different graveyards of the different churches. Although it was the last goodbye to these two women it was only the start of the grieving process for their family and friends†. I asked what the communities did do then to help the families and what they did to display their sorrow to the rest of the watching world. â€Å"One week later at exactly the same time as the bomb had happened there was a memorial service in Omagh town. We stood there in complete silence as a mark of respect. Thousands of people came, including politicians from all the Northern Irish parties, the Irish Prime Minister, Tony Blair, Bill Clinton and the Northern Irish secretary at the time Mo Mowlam. Prayers were said, different leaders stood up and spoke about how evil and wrong the bombing was. It was comforting to have outside support at this time, however it was still too painful for some of the victims family members to attend, their own personal grief and suffering was still too hard to cope with at this time. The whole community supported the families of those directly affected, it really brought the whole community together as everyone in Omagh was grieving for someone they has lost, it was such a close community, everyone knows or knows of nearly everyone there. The police and the army were major helpers after the bomb erupted this brought the community closer as there had always been a lack of trust between the Catholic community and these two organisations. Catholics and Protestants of all denominations came together to rebuild Omagh as both sides were suffering greatly. 31 people died both Catholic and Protestant, we all mourned together†. My aim during this research was to find out how the community dealt with such a tragic event. It is apparent that there was a sense of mass grief, not just the grief of family and friends but also people from surrounding areas. Irish people place a big emphasis on family and community. The Omagh bombing brought the community of Omagh together in a collective disgust at what had happened as well as a collective grief. Memorial services were organised so the community could demonstrate their solidarity. Both interviewees explain about the continuous memorial services that occurred after the bombing. Everyone showed their solidarity and deep sadness at the services it even provoked visitors from around the world to come. â€Å"Sharing affects provide relief. Grief resolution through collective mourning / healing creates positive group identity. Commitment to community† Meline Ottenbacher7. There has also been a memorial garden created for anyone to come and reflect, pray, or just to be in a quiet place. Catherine Sheehy wrote about the importance of a place like the memorial garden in Omagh. Talking about the grief after September the 11th she states, â€Å"When loss is collective, grief requires public support. People need space to grieve and often create physical sites to recognise collective grief8. I wanted to try and find out if any blame for the disaster and loss of life was placed in Omagh. â€Å"Yes, there was blame. It was revealed that certain people within Omagh were involved in a terrorist organisation called, '32 County Sovran', a wing of the Real I.R.A. One man called Mackey was given a hard time by the rest of the town, as it was known that he was involved. The truth and justice is still to be revealed yet as the case is still in court, six years later. People blamed themselves for the members of their family dying, saying things like, ‘I should have gone into town myself now they wouldn't be dead'.† Blame is an issue that would play on some people's minds. Allowing themselves to figure out why it happened. Having someone of something to blame gives them something to focus their instant anger on. What about people in Omagh now how are they all this time later? â€Å"Some are emotionally scared for life. It is still hard to talk about in front of some people who took it very badly. I know people that still have to go to therapy and see councillors to cope with their grief. Even now the family and friends have yearly anniversaries for those that died and there is a group memorial service that the whole town attends yearly. Together the people of the town have created a memorial garden in Omagh to always remember the lives lost on that horrible day. It's a quiet place where anyone can just go and sit and think and pray. People in Omagh will always remember as long as they live, some will always feel the pain. Something nobody else can understand if they did not go through this with us. It is completely different from when you watch it on the telly and think that will never be you. It really makes you realise your own mortality†. Whilst researching this case I spoke to Johanna Thompson, a barrister in Northern Ireland who has dealt with some of the Omagh bomb law suits. Many of those people that had survived the bombing suffered from Post Traumatic Stress. This would not allow them to sleep and would cause them to keep reliving the events. Many would feel a great sense of guilt that they were able to claim compensation when others had died. This would make them dumb down their injuries. â€Å"Many people have suffered a great psychological trauma, grief plays a large part in this. It could take a very long time for some of these people to go back to living anything nearly like their old lives†9. Conclusion Bloch and Parry stress the importance of the â€Å"Individual's identification with society† and of the â€Å"relationship between the biological individual and the social collectivity†. They see ritual as a method of social control. However it seems to be that the ritual is a great demonstration of the emotion, and can indeed help people throughout the grieving process. Grief can be a very private thing however this does not always help those that are suffering. Having something to focus ones grief on can stop people from going into complete emotional turmoil. The community in Omagh strived to help everyone whose lives had been affected. They showed great solidarity and unity. It can be seen that sharing the pain can definitely provide some kind of relief. Dr Sheila Clark, from the University of Adelaide states that, â€Å"Without appropriate support, grief and trauma can lead to depression or lead to an increase in illness†. I have learnt a great deal about interview techniques. If I could improve on this piece of work I would have interviewed more people using different techniques. The triangulation that occurred during this research report was helpful. I would also like to thank my partner for working with me on this project I think that we came up with some good ideas together it was enjoyable.